Analytical instruments

1. Analytical Instruments

• Atomic Absorption (AAS): Trace metal analysis in APIs, excipients, and water systems (USP <232>/<233>).

• FTIR (Fourier-Transform Infrared): Raw material ID, counterfeit detection, and polymorph screening.

• HPLC/UPLC: High-resolution impurity profiling, dissolution testing, and assay validation (ICH Q2).

• HPTLC: Cost-effective herbal extract standardization and adulterant screening.

• GC-FID/GC-MS: Residual solvent analysis (ICH Q3C) and volatile organic compound (VOC) detection.

• Flame Photometer: Sodium/potassium quantification in IV fluids and dialysis solutions.

• UV-Vis Spectrophotometer: Dissolution, content uniformity, and raw material assay (USP <711>).

• ICP-MS: Heavy metal testing (Cd, Pb, As) in parenterals and herbal products (USP <232>).